 | floor finishes
We talk about the various kinds of floor finishes and how to choose from them.
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 | walls
Learn about walls and how they are constructed.
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 | windows
What are the various types of windows? Which one should you select?
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 | doors
We discuss the various kinds of doors
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 | bathrooms
Our page on bathroom fixtures and fittings.
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 | insulation
Why is insulation important? How does one calculate how much insulation is required?
Floor Finishes
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Stone
Stone is a great floor finish and is affordable in many countries; Italy and India are both known for the variety and quality of stone they produce. There is a great advantage to stone that is almost unique to floor finishes: you can polish it, and thus make it look and feel like new, at any time in its life.
Granite is a volcanic rock (it was originally lava, that cooled to form solid rock) that has the following properties:
Its surface can also be worked to produce a variety of textures other than smooth: granite can be flamed, water blasted, sand blasted, bush hammered, or tumbled. These rough finishes are mostly used outdoors, on pathways. The famous cobblestones of Europe are granite, for instance.
Marble is a metamorphic rock (meaning that it was made by the intense pressures and heat deep within the earth), and has the following properties:
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock (rock formed by ancient rivers that slowly deposited material on their beds, that built up layer by layer over millions of years). It has the following properties:
Granite is a volcanic rock (it was originally lava, that cooled to form solid rock) that has the following properties:
- It is very hard, strong, and abrasion resistant
- It is resistant to acids
- It can be polished to a mirror-like smoothness
Its surface can also be worked to produce a variety of textures other than smooth: granite can be flamed, water blasted, sand blasted, bush hammered, or tumbled. These rough finishes are mostly used outdoors, on pathways. The famous cobblestones of Europe are granite, for instance.
Marble is a metamorphic rock (meaning that it was made by the intense pressures and heat deep within the earth), and has the following properties:
- Most marbles are soft, and not very abrasion resistant
- They are not resistant to acids
- They can be polished to a mirror finish
- It is translucent - light can pass through it to the extent of a few millimeters
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock (rock formed by ancient rivers that slowly deposited material on their beds, that built up layer by layer over millions of years). It has the following properties:
- It is abrasion resistant, but not always strong, as it is formed in layers.
- It is usually highly resistant to acids
- It has a rough finish, and cannot be mirror-polished, as it consists of grains
Ceramic Tile & Vitrified Tile
Cement Tile & Terrazzo
Wood
PVC & Linoleum
Carpets
Special Floor Finishes for Industries
Special Floor Finishes for Sports
TYPES OF WALLS
In terms of their function, all walls are either load bearing or non load bearing walls. A load bearing wall is part of the structure of the building - it holds the building up. A non-load bearing wall is only a partition that divides the various rooms of a building. You can demolish a wall if it is a non-load bearing wall; you cannot move or demolish a load bearing wall.
It is not easy for a layman to determine whether a wall is load bearing or not. You must rely on the advice of an experienced, licensed structural engineer.
Most modern multi-storey buildings are constructed with structural frames andnon-load bearing walls. Most residential buildings in the US, and nearly all wood framed buildings are constructed withload bearing walls of the platform frame or ballon frame types.
It is not easy for a layman to determine whether a wall is load bearing or not. You must rely on the advice of an experienced, licensed structural engineer.
Most modern multi-storey buildings are constructed with structural frames andnon-load bearing walls. Most residential buildings in the US, and nearly all wood framed buildings are constructed withload bearing walls of the platform frame or ballon frame types.
masonry walls
These are walls made of brick or cement blocks held together with cement mortar and are often plastered withcement plaster on both surfaces. Cement blocks can also be calledConcrete Masonry Units or CMUs, and come in a variety of types, including
Traditionally, masonry was made with stone. Some of the world's oldest buildings are made with stone, which is an exceptionally hardy building material.
Masonry walls are heavy, and require lots of skilled labour, which means that they are falling out of favor in most countries in which labour is expensive. Their weight is also a problem in high-rise buildings. In concrete or steel buildings, engineers will place beams below all masonry walls, as their weight is too much for a slab to bear. This means that heavy masonry walls cannot be moved around once they are constructed, as they must rest on beams designed to carry their weight.
Other materials for walls include stone or furnace (ceramic) bricks. Stone that is cut into cuboids with smooth faces is called dressed stone, and walls constructed with this type of stone are called ashlar masonry walls. Walls that are made with rough (undressed) pieces of stone are called random rubble walls.
For brick walls, a common thickness is 230mm(9"), and for concrete block walls, common thicknesses are 200mm(8"), 150mm(6") and 100mm(4"). In the building trade, the thickness of the walls excludes the plaster, so if a wall is plastered on both sides, its actual thickness will be 1" or 1.5" more than its stated thickness in an architectural drawing or contract.
To run electrical, or any other wires or pipes in a brick wall, you have to firstchase the wall. Chasing is cutting a long groove in the wall in which you can install your services. Then you can install a conduit - a plastic pipe - in the wall, fill in the gap around the conduit with cement plaster, and then pull your electrical wires through the conduit. This takes time and effort.
Masonry walls cannot be constructed to an unlimited height - broadly speaking, most are considered stable only to a height of 10-15 ft (3 - 4m). To construct a masonry wall higher than that, you have to design a special wall that has intermediate structural members to support the wall.
One problem with masonry walls is that they rely mainly on their weight to keep them in place; each block or brick is only loosely connected to the next via a thin layer of mortar. This is why they do not perform well in earthquakes, when entire buildings are shaken horizontally. Many collapses during earthquakes occur in buildings that have load-bearing masonry walls.
- Solid Concrete Blocks
- Hollow Concrete Blocks
- Lightweight Aerated Concrete Blocks
- Flyash Concrete Blocks
Traditionally, masonry was made with stone. Some of the world's oldest buildings are made with stone, which is an exceptionally hardy building material.
Masonry walls are heavy, and require lots of skilled labour, which means that they are falling out of favor in most countries in which labour is expensive. Their weight is also a problem in high-rise buildings. In concrete or steel buildings, engineers will place beams below all masonry walls, as their weight is too much for a slab to bear. This means that heavy masonry walls cannot be moved around once they are constructed, as they must rest on beams designed to carry their weight.
Other materials for walls include stone or furnace (ceramic) bricks. Stone that is cut into cuboids with smooth faces is called dressed stone, and walls constructed with this type of stone are called ashlar masonry walls. Walls that are made with rough (undressed) pieces of stone are called random rubble walls.
For brick walls, a common thickness is 230mm(9"), and for concrete block walls, common thicknesses are 200mm(8"), 150mm(6") and 100mm(4"). In the building trade, the thickness of the walls excludes the plaster, so if a wall is plastered on both sides, its actual thickness will be 1" or 1.5" more than its stated thickness in an architectural drawing or contract.
To run electrical, or any other wires or pipes in a brick wall, you have to firstchase the wall. Chasing is cutting a long groove in the wall in which you can install your services. Then you can install a conduit - a plastic pipe - in the wall, fill in the gap around the conduit with cement plaster, and then pull your electrical wires through the conduit. This takes time and effort.
Masonry walls cannot be constructed to an unlimited height - broadly speaking, most are considered stable only to a height of 10-15 ft (3 - 4m). To construct a masonry wall higher than that, you have to design a special wall that has intermediate structural members to support the wall.
One problem with masonry walls is that they rely mainly on their weight to keep them in place; each block or brick is only loosely connected to the next via a thin layer of mortar. This is why they do not perform well in earthquakes, when entire buildings are shaken horizontally. Many collapses during earthquakes occur in buildings that have load-bearing masonry walls.
light partition walls
As the name indicates, these walls are light and quick to construct. This means that they do not need to rest on pre-planned beams: they can be placed anywhere (as long as engineers have accounted for this in the slab design). This means that they allow for great flexibility in layouts, unlike the heavier masonry walls. They are clearly non-structural in nature.
As their construction is dry, meaning that it does not use cement or water, they are quick to construct, and cause minimal disturbance. This is why these are also called drywall partitions.
As their construction is dry, meaning that it does not use cement or water, they are quick to construct, and cause minimal disturbance. This is why these are also called drywall partitions.
Light partition walls are constructed by first building a frame, and then covering this frame with sheets or boards. The gap between the sheets can then be filled with insulating material if desired, or left as is.
The frame is most commonly made of light galvanized steel sections, but can also be made of wood.
The frame is most commonly made of light galvanized steel sections, but can also be made of wood.
Galvanized Steel Sections used to make framing for a light partition wall. These will be covered with sheeting. Note that wooden surrounds have been installed around door openings. Image courtesy Tin Box (http://somigreenhouse.blogspot.in/)
Pre-punched holes in the metal sections allow electrical and plumbing conduits to pass through.
The most common type of sheeting used to finish the frame is gypsum sheeting. This is inexpensive mass-produced sheeting that is easy to cut and make patch repairs to. Gypsum sheet is not very strong, however, so a powerful kick can crack or break it. Most manufacturers recommend using two layers of sheet for each side of the wall, with a total of 4 layers per wall. Gypsum is also not a water-resistant material, so use in toilets is not recommended.
Another type of sheet that can be used is a fiber cement sheet. This is stronger and highly resistant to water - it can be used outdoors. As its name indicates, the sheet is made up of wood fibers, cement, binders, and fillers. It is denser (heavier) then gypsum sheeting
The most common type of sheeting used to finish the frame is gypsum sheeting. This is inexpensive mass-produced sheeting that is easy to cut and make patch repairs to. Gypsum sheet is not very strong, however, so a powerful kick can crack or break it. Most manufacturers recommend using two layers of sheet for each side of the wall, with a total of 4 layers per wall. Gypsum is also not a water-resistant material, so use in toilets is not recommended.
Another type of sheet that can be used is a fiber cement sheet. This is stronger and highly resistant to water - it can be used outdoors. As its name indicates, the sheet is made up of wood fibers, cement, binders, and fillers. It is denser (heavier) then gypsum sheeting
Windows
BASIC TYPES OF WINDOWS
Windows can be classified into types based on their configuration, or by the material they are made of.
fixed windows
This is the simplest type of window. It cannot be opened or closed, which makes it the most weather-proof of windows.
casement windows
A casement window is one that is hinged on its side, and normally opens outwards rather than inwards. This makes it very easy to operate. Since it opens outwards, it cannot be used in some situations, such as when the window opens out into a corridor, as it will block movement. These windows are designed to resist rain and wind from the outside in, so their direction cannot be reversed.
sliding windows
A sliding window moves within its own plane. These may require effort to move them back and forth, and so may not be best suited for use by the elderly. A disadvantage of sliding windows is that they cannot be opened fully, in the sense that there is always a fraction of the window that is closed. Most often, this fraction will be one half, one third, or one quarter.
Each shutter rides in its own track, like trains. These windows can be named by the number of tracks they have: double track sliding windows, or triple track sliding windows. It is possible for more than one shutter to ride in the same track: for example, a four-shutter sliding windows can have two tracks; the maximum opening will be one half. One advantage of sliding windows is that they do not require any space outside the plane of the window, so they are ideal for use between two internal spaces, such as between an office cabin and a corridor.
Each shutter rides in its own track, like trains. These windows can be named by the number of tracks they have: double track sliding windows, or triple track sliding windows. It is possible for more than one shutter to ride in the same track: for example, a four-shutter sliding windows can have two tracks; the maximum opening will be one half. One advantage of sliding windows is that they do not require any space outside the plane of the window, so they are ideal for use between two internal spaces, such as between an office cabin and a corridor.
single hung windows (vertically sliding)
A hung window is one that slides vertically. A single hung window has one fixed pane and one sliding shutter. The fixed pane is typically above the sliding shutter, so only the bottom half is openable. These are similar to sliding windows in that a fraction of the window is not open to the outside.
double hung windows (vertically sliding)
A double hung window has two sliding shutters, one above the other. Either the top or bottom half can be opened. Such windows are not very common, as it is unusual to want the top half of the window to be opened. The term hung windows is common in the United States; these are called sash windows in Europe. A sash is a frame, usually filled in with glass, that forms the moving part of the window. The fixed part is thewindow frame.
awning windows or ventilators
An awning window is hinged on its top edge, so that it opens upwards and out. These are also called ventilators. An awning window can be difficult to operate, especially if it is heavy. These require stays to keep them open; their weight naturally forces them to close.
pivoting windows
A pivoting window rotates on a vertical axis, which is usually placed in the exact centre of the window, so that the window is properly balanced. Pivoting windows are sometimes found in old church buildings (in warm climates), as they have windows that are very narrow and tall. These windows are rarely used in residential or office construction in contemporary times. They are unique in the sense that half the window opens inside, and half outside, and the frame of the window has to be designed to accommodate this function.
sliding folding windows or bi-fold windows
These are high-performance windows; they hinge out as well as slide on a single track. They are used for a very wide openings; the window system can be slid to one or both sides, thus creating an unobstructed view to the outside. Every alternate shutter is attached to a roller that slides along the upper track of the window.
MATERIALS FOR WINDOWS
Windows can be classified into types based on their configuration, or by the material they are made of. Windows are most commonly made of the following materials:
When we say "a window is made of...", we are referring to the frame. The infill is usually glass, but can also be of other transparent materials, such as polycarbonate.
- Aluminium
- Wood
- uPVC and similar plastics
- Steel
- Glass-fibre-reinforced plastic (GFRP)
When we say "a window is made of...", we are referring to the frame. The infill is usually glass, but can also be of other transparent materials, such as polycarbonate.
aluminium windows
Aluminium is a light, strong material that is excellent for windows. It does not warp, expand or shrink in the presence of moisture, as wood does. It is easy to cut and join together. It can be powder coated or anodized in the factory so that it never needs painting during its lifetime. It is also corrosion resistant.
The one drawback of aluminium is that it conducts heat rapidly, and so causes heat to be lost to the outside in cold climates. The solution for this is to design the window sections with athermal break, or a layer of a non-conductive material that prevents the flow of heat. Aluminium is made into extrusions at the factory. An extrusion is long piece of aluminium that has the same cross section along its entire length. These can also be called sections in the building trade. An extrusion is made by melting ingots of aluminium, and then pushing the molten metal through a die that gives it the desired cross-section. Key factors in the popularity of aluminium windows are: they are light, which allows easy operation, they are attractively finished, and need little or no maintenance. |
wooden windows
Wood has been the material of choice for windows for many centuries. It is readily available, is easily worked on at site, and is a poor conductor of heat.
Its drawback is that it is expands or shrinks with changes in moisture. This can cause windows to jam or warp. It can also decay in the presence of continuous moisture.
Wood also needs painting or polishing to maintain its appearance.
While wood was abundantly and cheaply available till the middle of the twentieth century, it is now both expensive and difficult to procure high quality, defect free wood sections. It is likely that the use of wood in windows will decrease in the future.
Its drawback is that it is expands or shrinks with changes in moisture. This can cause windows to jam or warp. It can also decay in the presence of continuous moisture.
Wood also needs painting or polishing to maintain its appearance.
While wood was abundantly and cheaply available till the middle of the twentieth century, it is now both expensive and difficult to procure high quality, defect free wood sections. It is likely that the use of wood in windows will decrease in the future.
upvc and similar plastic windows
Plastics are becoming increasingly common in residential windows. Plastics are light, do not warp, shrink, or decay, and have a reasonably attractive finish that does not need maintenance.
However, plastics are weak compared to aluminium or steel. This is why plastic windows are often reinforced with galvanised steel sections that are hidden within the plastic tubing. Plastics also have a high coefficient of thermal expansion, which can cause problems for windows. Many plastics are also not resistant to UV light, a component of sunlight. Plastics in windows have to be specially formulated to ensure they do not become brittle, crack, or change colour during exposure to sunlight. this is called making materials UV stable. In general, plastic windows are cheaper than aluminium or wood. |
steel windows
Steel is a very strong material, which allows steel windows to have the thinnest possible frames of all materials, maximising views. Unlike aluminium, it is difficult to cut and work, so site work has to be kept to an absolute minimum.
Steel corrodes in the presence of moisture, so it must be galvanised or treated with a high quality moisture resistant painting process. Like aluminium, it is a good conductor of heat, so steel windows must have thermal breaks put in.
Steel corrodes in the presence of moisture, so it must be galvanised or treated with a high quality moisture resistant painting process. Like aluminium, it is a good conductor of heat, so steel windows must have thermal breaks put in.
glass-fibre-reinforced plastic windows (gfrp)
GRFP windows are a recent addition to the range of window solutions. These are made of high quality plastics that are reinforced with glass fibres, giving them high tensile strength and stiffness. As such, they share a mixture of the good qualities of metals (high strength, low weight) and plastics (no warping, no corrosion, good finish).
As they are a new entrant, it remains to be seen how they will perform in the long run.
As they are a new entrant, it remains to be seen how they will perform in the long run.
other materials
Windows can also be made of other metals, such as bronze and stainless steel.
THERMAL INSULATION EXPLAINED
Insulation is that property of any material that obstructs the flow of heat through it. In warm countries, insulation serves to reduce the heat entering the building, and in cold countries, to reduce the heat that escapes.
The thermal conductance (the ability to allow heat to pass through it) of any material, K, is measured in Watts / m2.Kelvin, in metric units, for a given thickness of that material.
This means that if the thermal conductance of a slab of material 10 cm thick is 1 W/m2.K, then 1 Watt of heat will flow across one square meter of that slab if the difference in temperatures on the two sides of the slab is 1 degree Kelvin. One degree Kelvin is exactly the same as one degree Centigrade. If the difference in temperature of the two sides is 10°C, (for example if the temperature outside is 35°C and inside, in an air-conditioned office, it is 25°C), then 10 W of heat will flow across our slab. One watt is equal to one Joule, a unit of energy, per second.
The thermal conductance (the ability to allow heat to pass through it) of any material, K, is measured in Watts / m2.Kelvin, in metric units, for a given thickness of that material.
This means that if the thermal conductance of a slab of material 10 cm thick is 1 W/m2.K, then 1 Watt of heat will flow across one square meter of that slab if the difference in temperatures on the two sides of the slab is 1 degree Kelvin. One degree Kelvin is exactly the same as one degree Centigrade. If the difference in temperature of the two sides is 10°C, (for example if the temperature outside is 35°C and inside, in an air-conditioned office, it is 25°C), then 10 W of heat will flow across our slab. One watt is equal to one Joule, a unit of energy, per second.
r Value, k value and u value explained
The R-value, which is the thermal resistance of any material, is the inverse of the K-value. That is, R = 1 / K.
So if we have a material whose K value is 4 W/m2.K,
its R-value will be 1 / 4 = 0.25 m2.K/W
We must note that so far we have been dealing with European S.I.(metric) units. However, when in the commercial world we speak of R-value, we mean in American units. The Americans use BTUs per hour instead of Watts (a BTU is a British Thermal Unit!), square feet instead of square metres, and degrees Farenheit instead of Centigrade or Kelvin. So their unit for R-value is hr-ft2-°F/Btu.
So if we have a material whose K value is 4 W/m2.K,
its R-value will be 1 / 4 = 0.25 m2.K/W
We must note that so far we have been dealing with European S.I.(metric) units. However, when in the commercial world we speak of R-value, we mean in American units. The Americans use BTUs per hour instead of Watts (a BTU is a British Thermal Unit!), square feet instead of square metres, and degrees Farenheit instead of Centigrade or Kelvin. So their unit for R-value is hr-ft2-°F/Btu.
Now 1 m2.K/W = 5.678 hr-ft2-°F/Btu
So, to convert from the SI R-value to the American R-value, multiply by 5.678.
Let us return to the slab we were previously considering. If we now double the thickness of our slab to 20 cm, the amount of heat entering will halve. This is because the R-value is directly proportional to the thickness of the material. So when we speak of R-value, we are always referring to the R-value of a specific thickness of that material. If we do not mention the thickness, then we mean the R-value for a slab of that material 1 inch thick.
So if we see from a table that the R-value of a brick wall is 0.2, then we should understand that the R-value of a brick wall 1 inch thick is 0.2 hr-ft2-°F/Btu. And we can then calculate that the R-value of a 4 inch thick brick wall is 0.8, and of a 8 inch thick brick wall is 1.6. K-value is also sometimes known as U-value. Also note that the k-value may sometimes be given as a general property of the material, and specified in W/m.K. This means that the value is for a one metre thick slab of material that is one metre square. One should correspondingly reduce this value for a thinner slab
So, to convert from the SI R-value to the American R-value, multiply by 5.678.
Let us return to the slab we were previously considering. If we now double the thickness of our slab to 20 cm, the amount of heat entering will halve. This is because the R-value is directly proportional to the thickness of the material. So when we speak of R-value, we are always referring to the R-value of a specific thickness of that material. If we do not mention the thickness, then we mean the R-value for a slab of that material 1 inch thick.
So if we see from a table that the R-value of a brick wall is 0.2, then we should understand that the R-value of a brick wall 1 inch thick is 0.2 hr-ft2-°F/Btu. And we can then calculate that the R-value of a 4 inch thick brick wall is 0.8, and of a 8 inch thick brick wall is 1.6. K-value is also sometimes known as U-value. Also note that the k-value may sometimes be given as a general property of the material, and specified in W/m.K. This means that the value is for a one metre thick slab of material that is one metre square. One should correspondingly reduce this value for a thinner slab
BATHROOMS
Bathrooms require finishes that are smooth, slip-resistant, easy to clean, resistant to acids and cleaning chemicals, and resistant to fungal growth.
bathroom fixtures
Learn about bathroom fixtures.
bathroom sanitaryware
Read about bathroom sanitaryware here.
bathroom tiles
Learn about bathroom tiles.
BATHROOM FIXTURES
Although the bathroom is a small room in the house, it needs to accommodate plenty of fittings and fixtures. For a successful bathroom, it is required to make you conversant in all the dissimilar types of bathroom fittings.
Usually, a bathroom consists of faucets, shower systems, including thermostatic shower systems, and associated items such as water saving fittings. There are countless variables on each fixture, some manufacturers design comprehensive ranges of product that mix together to generate an outstanding designer bathroom look and makes choosing bathroom fittings, easy, but counting on the type of room you contain and the water pressure system. It also depends on whether you are modernizing or starting from fresh, such that these collections or ranges of bathroom fittings sometimes will not suit or fit the existing room and systems that you contain. You still have to learn all about the fixtures to make sure that you decide the right design for your bathroom. Here are some of the bathroom fittings to be considered to make your bathroom appealing and comfortable.
Faucet Materials
Faucets are usually made of brass, as it is a practically strong metal that does not corrode. The external surface of the faucet can be anything from chrome, gold plate, to a baked enamel or powder coat finish. Some kinds even contain ceramic shrouds. It is suggested that you use some time at a plumbing store and look at the dissimilar types of available bathroom fittings. The collection will be wide and aesthetic, but the basic principles stated above must be the preliminary point for your option. Furthermore, think about the amount of space the faucet will occupy while in position on the sink or basin. Make sure that there is sufficient space around the faucet for the hand to turn it, devoid of getting trapped on anything else. To sum up, while buying the faucet, it is better to check the following. 1. Material of the faucet - What it is made of? 2. Upholding - How simple is it to keep dirt free? 3. Space - What dimension is it? 4. Handy - What are the faucet’s ergonomic features? bathroom SHOWERS
Showers are a proprietary prepared item or designed according to your specifications. They can embrace one or more people and they are available in many different finishes. It is a better idea to make sure that all wood framing around and beneath the shower is treated and coated for outside use. It is also recommended that the region at the back of the shower walls should be well-ventilated, including the room or shower that the shower is positioned.
Shower Head In recent years, the shower head has turned out to be increasingly sophisticated. From the extremely simple structure to the complex systems, it cleans and massages every part of the body. This fitting may be regulated at the head or by a distant tap system. It may be wise to have the control exterior to the shower to let it be controlled earlier than stepping into the shower devoid of getting your hand soaked or having to feel the ends of the temperature. Here are some of the factors to consider while deciding the shower head. 1. The control system of the shower, such as whether it is a single lever controlled or two tap controlled. 2. The kind of spray head that the shower will create, is it adaptable in height? 3. Amount of water, it will use for the coverage it provides? 4. Whether it is a massage shower? 5. Can the water flow be attuned? Some showers include numerous heads, and they may appear great and beneficial. If you are renovating your bathroom, then, you have to verify that the building has sufficient water pressure to operate it. The Spout The spout is one of the bathroom fittings, which lets the water out of the system into the bath, sink, basin, or shower. It is not as essential to be ergonomically accurate, but there are still some factors to consider while choosing the fitting. 1. If it is intended for the laundry, consider whether it is capable of extending for clothes. 2. Consider, whether you need a head to allow dissimilar types of water jet to appear, such as in a lone solid stream or as a spurt? 3. If the water from the faucet is to be exercised for bathing, does the faucet itself include an aerator or a filter? An essential requirement is to have the spout capable of turning to one side to let the sink be fully used devoid of getting anything in the way. It should be remembered that a bathtub will get some more time to fill up, so the quantity of water entering it has to be fairly a bit in excess of a sink or basin. Hence, several bath spouts are bigger and can take more water in less time. |
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